Fig. 2. Post-breeding, birth-pulse life-cycle diagram for the Piping Plover, where Si represents the probability that a bird of age class i survives the 12 months following census to age class i+1, and Fi represents the probability that a bird of age class i (HY, SY or TY+) survives to the following summer, recruits to the breeding population (as part of age class i+1), and breeds successfully (i.e., the number of female offspring per female parent).